Abstract Art
Art that does not represent reality as seen by the viewer. Often taking inspiration from the real world for its subject matter, but using patterns or shapes for expression.

Abstract-expressionism
Expressed purely through form and colour Abstract-expressionism was at its heights in America, namely New York from the mid 40’s to the 60’s. It was non-representational or non-objective art and with an international influence, it includes Willem de Kooning, Arshile Gorky and Jackson Pollock. It is closely related to action painting.

Action
Action films are synonimous with Hollywood from the 1980’s onwards and since then have dominated the industry. Die Hard, a major box office success, set the scene for action to cross over to a multiple of genre, namely science fiction with films such as terminator and the Robo Cop series. Action films in the East, especially Hong Kong were set in the martial arts genre with Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon breaking box office records in the west.

Action Painting
A spontaneous form of painting where paint is splashed dribbled or smeared onto canvas and emphasises the physical act of painting. It became synonymous with painters in America during the 1940’s and 1960’s and included Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and Clement Greenberg. 

Acrylics
A durable manmade polymer popular with contemporary artists. Used generically to describe all work produced using a synthetic paint medium.

Adult Film
Adult films are also known and Pornographic films, referred to as Porn or Blue Movies.

Adventure
Adventure films are within the realms of period films allowing the characters fantastic adventures. Films closely associated with this genre are, The Three Muscateers, Count of Monte Cristo, Indiano Jones series, Robin Hood and pirate films. Although popular in the 40’s and 50’s, the genre has successfully maintained it stay through out with current successes with The Mask of Zorro and The Pirates of the Caribbean. 
 
Animation
Traiditonally animation uses drawings and optical illusiton to create movement. Famous animators include Walt Disney. An intensely labourous process, animation requires patience and focus when 24 ‘drawings’ can make upto a sixty seconds of a film. With the advent of digital, the process of animation has reached heady heights with contanst advances in the techniques used. Films include Bambi, The Lion King, Alice in Wonderland, Sin City, A Scanner Darly and the Japanese Anime films.

Art and Crafts Movement
Celebrating individual craftsmanship and design, the Arts and Crafts Movement originating in Britain, was a reaction against the industrialisation and the mechanisation of the creative process during the late 19th century. William Morris, spearheading this movement, emphasized originality and an arts and crafts approach to the creation of textiles, books and wallpaper.

Art-deco
A combination of decorative art, architecture and design (1920’s - 1930’s) uses angular and symmetric forms. The Empire State building is a prime example of Art Deco. Art Deco crosses many modern art forms illustration, ceramics as well as graphic design.

Artefacts
Original objects created by skilled artisans in a variety of media (ceramics, stone, metal, wood, mixed media), often made by combining traditional and contemporary production methods.

Art House/Specialised Film
Broadly speaking art house or specialised films are films described as “non-mainstream” in intent and appeal, and because of their production values and the way the films are marketed and released.  This includes:

• Films that present commonplace or popular themes in innovative or challenging ways
• Films that deal with difficult or challenging subject matter
• Features from certain genres (documentary, biopic)
• Foreign language films
• Films from the archive

Art House films include Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring again The Weaping Camel, Breaking the Waves Donnie Darko Magnolia and Lost in Translation. Recently, major studios in Hollywood have picked up on the market value of Art House films and are now financing them.

Art Photography
Art Photography is concerned with aesthetically pleasing images, putting forward ideas of beautification. Noted art photographers include Pino Settani and Sean Macleod.

Art Nouveau
During the late 19th and early 20th century, Art Nouveau had a major impact on art and architecture through out Europe and America. Emphasising elegance, Art Nouveau excelled in intricate lines and patterns influenced by The Arts and Crafts Movement. Key artists are Gustav Klimt, Mucha and Louis Comfort Tiffany.

Avant-Garde Films
Avant-Garde films are often experimental and ahead of their time. Created as an individual vision, these films push the boundaries of style, format, medium and storyline. Often these films impact mainstream cinema and ideas incorporated. Key avant-garde films makers include Kenneth Anger, Ron Fricke, Luis Bunuel, David Lynch and Godfrey Reggio.

Baroque Art
During the 1600’s Baroque Art was encouraged by the Catholic Church as it embraced spirituality and tradition. It was a reaction against the formulaic art and favoured a realistic and emotional approach. Key artists of the time include Caravaggio and Carracci. The Baroque style lasted for over a hundred years. 

Bauhaus
A school of design (1919 – 1930’s) was founded by Walter Gropius and rapidly attained an international reputation. The advent of the Second World War forced its closure and many of the members escaped to America fearing persecution by the Nazis. In America the school was run by the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rhoe and included Wassily Kandinsky, Anni Albers and Paul Klee. 

Biographical
Biographical films are based on true stories or historical events. Popular in the 1940’s and 1950’s, biographical films became popular again the late 1980’s and 1990’s. Biographical films are set up to tell a story of a person or groups of people, sometimes famous or sometimes around a specific event or a life changing experience such as Julia Roberts Erin Brokovich. Other noteable biographical films include Napolean, Malcolm X, Ali, Marie Antoinette, Ghandi, Steve Bico, and Picasso.

British Films
Once a dominant industry, British Films were superseded by Hollywood. From the silent era to talking pictures, British film makers have shaped and contributed to cinema internationally. Pinewood, Ealing Studios, Elstree Studios and Shepperton were the main studios. Now only Pinewood and Shepperton remain with an average amount of activity. As Hollywood established itself and dominated the British and world market, British films began a decline.  Key film makers and innovators include Hitchcock, Michael Powell, David Lean, Ridley Scott, Mike Figgis and Carol Reed.

Bollywood Cinema
A description coined in the West, Bollywood films are made in the Hindi language generated from the film industry in Mumbai (Bombay), India. India produces the largest number of films per year internationally and is generally considered the largest film industry in the world. 
 
Byzantine Art
Byzantine art stems from the realms of the Orthodox Church and had major influence for centuries. The style ended in the mid 1450’s after the collapse of Constantinople, in Turkey, now known as Istanbul. The style included mosaics and frescoes that decorated the churches.    The influence remained strong in Russia along with the Orthodox religious practice.

Camera
In the early 1800’s, William Henry Fox Talbot combined the camera obsucra and the convex lens along with silver chloride. Since then the camera has progressed rapidly, influencing how we view the world, and at times impacting history.

(The)Camera Obscura
In 1604, Johannes Kepler introduced lenses for use with the Pin-Hole Camera and named it Camera Obscura. The camera obscura was the direct forerunner of the camera.

Ceramics
The creation of artwork using clay and ceramic material, sometimes called pottery.

Certificate of Authenticity 
Certificates of Authenticity are used by publishers and distributors of artwork to validate the origin of a piece. They usually include data on the publisher, title, size, reproduction method and media, and the number of impressions in the edition. They may also have a statement about the work provided by the artist.

Our Certificates of Authenticity are provided with originals and limited editions signed by the artist who created the work. They signify the piece you have bought is both guaranteed 100% genuine and has been fairly valued. They include the following information:

• The title and visual description of the artwork
• Edition numbers and collection details
• Materials and techniques used
• Size and dimensions of the work
• The copyright holder
• Distributor details
• Release date of the artwork
• Printer’s details if relevant
• Comments from the artist
• Notes on caring for the artwork

Chiaroscuro                                                             
The juxtaposition of light and dark areas within a piece of artwork, particularly in painting and film.

Children’s Film
Children’s films are made specifically to appeal to young children and involve simple story lines, with fantastical action and episodes to enhance the experience. The storylines are always focused on the child or children in the plot lines, where they have to overcome a mild level of adversity. Films include, My Little Pony, Madagascar, The Land Before Time, The Chronicles of Narnia and Charlie and The Chocolate Factory.

Cityscape                                                 
A work of art that depicts an urban scene, such as a painting or photograph of skyscrapers or people going about their business in a city park.

Classicism
Inspired by the art and architecture of Classical Greece and Rome, Classicism was a key movement in Victorian Britain during the 19th century. With romantic undertones, Classicism romanticized ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Classicism was a British form of historical art inspired by the art and architecture of Classical Greece and Rome. Artists associated with this period include Frederick Leighton.

Comedy
The Comedy genre encompasses many elements ranging from slapstick to Dark Comedy. Hugely popular with audiences and generally good returns at the box office, it’s a favourite genre with film studios, producers and directors. Films include Legally Blonde, Miss Congeniality, Arsenic and Old Lace, Blazing Saddles and Dr. Strangelove. Famous directors and actors using comedy include work by Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and Laurel and Hardy, 
 
Commercial Film
Commercial films often involves ‘High Concept’ ideas where the film is assigned an A List cast and are tailored to ensure high returns at the box office by carefully selecting storylines, stars and marketing. Commercial films include Spider Man, Schindler’s List, Saving Private Ryan and War of the Worlds.   

Composition
The way in which an artist puts together different elements within their work to provide a pleasing and aesthetically satisfying, or challenging visual arrangement.

Concerned Photography
Concerned Photography presents to the viewer a social/political view such as child labour, exploitation of workers, poverty. Photographers include Susan Meiselas, Walker Evans, Sebastiao Salgado and Margaret Bourke-White.

Conceptual Art
The central motivation of creating Conceptual Art is to bring the idea that the artists wishes to discuss to the forefront. The Conceptual Art movement took hold in early 1930’s and was politically charged and included performance art, installation art, assemblange and ephermeral art. Although short lived, its influence is still strong today and commonplace.  Famous conceptual artists include Marcel Duchamp, Yoko Ono, Sol Lewitt, Yayoi Kusama and Daniel Buren.

Constructivism
(1914 – 1920) An art movement in Russia dismissed pure art and adhered to art being used for social purposes.

Contemporary Art
Artwork that pushes the boundaries of traditional and established aesthetic views, often using abstract expression to create new and unique work. Usually refers to work created since the 1970’s.

Crime
During the 1930’s and 40’s Hollywood, the Crime films genre was at its height with films depicting the underworld, bank robberies, gangsters and ruthless mobsters, epitomised by James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart. The Crime genre remains popular and can be seen in cinemas world wide, from John Woo’s Violent Cop, Yash Chopra’s Dewaar and Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction, encompassing many aspects of Film Noir.   

Cubism
Pablo Picasso and George Braque developed Cubism (1908-1920) as a collaborative vision. Although the movement was short lived, the artists were prolific and impacted the art of the 20th century. The theory behind cubism was to present a subject or subjects from multiple points of view simultaneously. 

Curry Westerns
Sholay, directed by Ramesh Sippy, remains the only Curry Western made. The Curry Western got the description as it was the first Hindi film to be filmed in the style of a Western. The story line is loosely based upon Once Upon a Time in the West and The Seven Samurai.

Dadaism
Dadaism (1920’s) was a reaction by a group of artists in Europe against the First World War. The protest took shape in absurdist performances and artwork to further disturb the upper classes and conservative elements. Artists included Marcel Duchamp and Jean Arp.   

Digital Art
Art created on a computer in digital form, whether generated purely on the machine itself, or taken from another source and altered, such as from scanned photographs, or drawn using graphics software.

Digital Photography
Digital camera photography came out of the video camera revolution. It is the most popular form of recording images currently and is the easiest and quickest format available.  You can send and receive images over the internet and download them to print yourself or to a CD, to then pass to a processing lab.

Disposable Camera
In the late 1980’s the disposable camera became extremely successful with Fuji introducing it in 1986.

Documentary
Factual or non-fiction is the main concern of Documentary films. Since the invention of film, documentary has played a central role to recording scenes for public consumption. Documentaries were shown as part of feature films in cinema and were commonly known as newsreels. Newsreels became important during the Second World War, brining home news of events. From the films of Robert Flaherty’s Nanook of the North (the father of Documentary) and Ken Loach’s Docu-Drama (part fiction, part fact), Kathy Come Home instrumental in the creation of Shelter, a charity for the homeless. Documentaries became the main stay of television, with ground-breaking films such as Death Row, films by Nick Broomfield and most recently films by Michael Moore’s Bowling for Columbia, which showed a revival in documentaries being screened in cinemas.

Documentary Photography
Reportage or Documentary Photography focuses on news related images as well as project specific images as created by photographers such as Sebastiao Salgado, and is closely related to Concerned Photography.

Drama
Drama  films are character based and driven by emotinal conflicts. Drama films often heighten situations by focusing themes and dramatisation through key characters. This enables them to hone into the exploration of an issue or idea, the basic premise being for the audience to identify with the characters and their journey. Drama films include Kramer v Kramer, Love Story, Sleeping with the Enemy, Out of Africa, Vera Drake, Hotel Rawanda and The Constant Gardener.

Expressionism                                                                                           
Expressionism (1900-1940’s) is representative of the inner state of the artist’s ideas and is emotionally charged. Leading expressionists include Wassily Kandinsky, Amadeo Modigliani, George Grosz and Franz Marc.

European Cinema
Cinema of Europe includes films made by individual countries in Europe excluding Great Britain. These films are peculiar in style and storyline, depending on the originating country. Key films movements include Italian neorealism, French New Wave, New German Cinema, German Expressionism, Spanish films, especially films by Almodovar and Dogme 95. These film movements are often seen as a challenge to the dominant voice of Hollywood. 

Experimental
Experimental films are a combination of linear, non-linear, drama, documentary, animation, new inventions in film, or digital, and enable the film maker to put forward a unique approach to their story. Experimental Filmmakers include, Maya Deren, Kenneth Anger, Robert Altman, Kazuyoshi Okuyama, Julie Dash, Ron Fricke, F.W. Murnau, Jacques Rivette, Jean Cocteau, Walter Ruttman and Julie Dash. 

Family Film
A family film is geared to engage and entertain children, parents and extended family and often employ themes and story lines that would appeal to all. Family films include, Annie, Oliver, Beethoven, The Story of the Weeping Camel, Mulan, Home Alone and Babe. Family films also include animation features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Monsters Inc. and The Incredibles. Family films almost always include morality tales and life lessons coached within loveable characters such as those in Monsters Inc., The Incredibles and Annie, assisting family members to bond. 
 
Fantasy
Fantasy films are make believe stories usually involving magical themes. Often fantasy films use special effects, such as creatures taking on human form as in the Lord of the Rings trilogy. Other films in this genre include Merlin, Conan the Barbarian, The Wizard of Oz, Jason and the Arganots, Krull and The Company of Wolves. 

Fashion Photography
Fashion Photography is the main focus of fashion magazines such as Vogue, Harpers & Queen. Noted fashion photographers include William Klien and John French.

Figurative Art
Art that generally represents people or animals in a literal way – the opposite of Abstract Art.

Feature Length
The term, feature film is used to describe a film shown in cinema’s world wide. A feature has to be over 40 minutes in length to be classified as such. Feature length films encompass all certifications, from Universal, Parental Guidance through to 18. 

Film or Motion Picture
Moving Film was a natural progression from ‘Stills Film’ or Photographic Film and originated in the late 19th Centruy. Moving pictures are commonly known as ‘motion pictures’, ‘pictures’, ‘films’, ‘flicks’ or ‘movies’ has become the dominant art form in the 20th century. This section presents explanations of different styles and types of films from commercial to art-house cinema.   

Film Noir
Film Noir, French for Black Film, was a natural progression from the Crime films of 1940’s Hollywood. Film Noir extended its territory by encompassing crimes of passion and further explored deep seated dark themes. At its height in the 1940’s and 1950’s Hollywood, films such as the Maltese Falcon and the Big Sleep remain classics. The roots of Film Noir are essentially informed by German Expressionist Cinematography. In recent cinema, films such as Roman Polanski’s China Town, Mike Figgis’ Internal Affairs and Curtis Hanson’s L.A. Confidential gave new life to the genre.

Frederick Charles Luther Wratten (1840-1926)
English inventor and manufacturer, Frederick Wratten founded one of the first photographic supply businesses.  Wratten also invented and produced panchromatic plates and invented a combination of photographic filters.

Genre
In film, the term genre is used to describe the nature of a film such as Film Noire, Thriller, Horror, Comedy etc.

Giclee
A digital printing technique that produces very high quality prints using thousands of precisely positioned tiny ink droplets.

Historical Film
Also known as Epic, the genre covers legends, historical bio-pics, and medieval stories, Hero’s such as the Greek Gods all make up the huge canvas of the Historical/Epic film. With high budgets and lavish locations, period costumes, Historical films are larger than life, such as Cleopatra starring Elizabeth Taylor. Recent examples include Ridley Scott’s Gladiator and Oliver Stone’s Alexander.  

Hollywood Cinema
Films made in Los Angeles, USA.  Hollywood cinema is the dominant cinema globally, although it is now seeing competition from the Far East and other emerging cinema.

Hong Kong Cinema
Films made in Hong Kong include films by Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan. The cinema of Hong Kong has contributed key innovative films such as, Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon and Violent Cop.

Horror
Although lowly regarded initially, Horror has risen to box office acclaim world wide. The first horror reportedly made was in the late 1800’s.  Since then the horror film has appeared in cinema’s world wide, and includes the Supernatural and the paranormal. These films appeal to the aspects of fear and the feeling of being in danger as an adrenalin rush. Films include Dracula, The Exorcist, Sixth Sense, The Ring, Poltergeist and The Shinning.

Impasto
The technique of applying oil paint so thickly that brush or knife strokes are visible.

Impressionism
During the 1800’s, Impressionism emerged as a reaction against Academic art and was one of the most successful art movements. It dealt with naturalist and everyday subject matters through the depiction of light. Key painters of this movement include Monet, Renoir, Edouard Manet, Degas, Pissario and Cassatt.

Independent Films
The term Independent films (also known at ‘Indie Films’) are used to describe films made by filmmakers without finance or creative interference by mainstream studios. Independent films are often a reaction against the big budget, studio based formulaic films – independent films are often ground breaking cinematically and in content. Since the 1970’s, the studios have taken on films by independent films makers and have recognised the need for such films which has led some studios to set up a wing within their organisation to produce independent films, many argue to the determent of the ethos of independent filmmaking. 

Installation art
Uses sculptural materials and other media to modify the way we experience a particular space, be it a gallery, public or private area.

Japanese Cinema
Innovative and impacting, Japanese cinema includes legends such as the director Akira Kurusawa and Ozu. Using and evolving a film language unique to Japan, Japanese cinema has remained consistent and innovative. From action to drama to animation (Anime), Japan has produced films which have influenced and shaped cinema world wide. The recent advent of horror films such as Ringo has prompted Hollywood to reproduce it as The Ring. Other noted films include Seven Samurai, Tokyo Story, Tetsuo - Body Hammer,  Audition, Hana-Bi and Sonatin.  Japanese Anime (animation) is as popular as live action films, at times superseding it and includes films such as the famous feature ‘Akira’ which introduced new colours into animation. Other key anime films include Ghost in the Shell, Spirited Away and Winter Days.

Landscape
Where the artist depicts scenery, sea, sky, flora or fauna as their main subject.

Latin American Cinema
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Haiti, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela are the main producers of film in South America. Argentina and Mexico followed closely by Cuba and Chile are the dominant film producers in South America. Recent films include The Motorcycle Diaries I am Cuba, the films Santiago Alvarez, Amores Perros and Y tu mama tambié n. Latin American films are often original and contain a unique film language which sets it apart from Hollywood or European cinema. Although a number of film makers and actors do work in Europe, especially Spain. 

Limited Editions
Art in any medium created by the artist to a predetermined quantity, signed and numbered by the artist in the context of the whole collection. For example, 5/100 is the fifth piece in a series of 100. (Can include prints, photographs, ceramics, mixed media pieces etc).

Limited Edition Prints
A limited edition print is an original image hand printed by the artist to a predetermined quantity. Individual prints are signed and numbered by the artist in the context of the whole collection. For example, 5/100 is the fifth print in a series of 100.

Printmakers use a variety of techniques to create their work, including:

• Giclee - A digital printing technique that produces very high quality prints using thousands of precisely positioned tiny ink droplets
• Mixed Media – Incorporates a variety of different techniques to create a unique effect, including gold and silver leafing, hand tinting, application of paper and textiles, pastels or charcoal
• Serigraphy – The art of printing where ink is pressed through a silk screen onto paper, often called ‘Screen Printing’
• Stone Lithography – Where an image is drawn on hard porous limestone with adhesive and ink, and transferred to paper. Often repeated over and over to obtain many different colours

Linear Art
Art that reduces objects or depictions of reality down to their core structural elements.

Magical Realism 
Magic Realism (1940’s – 1950’s) originates from the American style Surrealist paintings where the ordinary is turned into magical elements or fantasy. It is now commonly used to describe a particular type of literature, namely authors like Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Painters working in this tradition include, Paul Cadmus, Andrew Wyeth and Philip Evergood.

Minimalism
Minimalism emerged in the 1960’s where objects or subjects were removed from a personal perspective and stripped to its geometric form and can often be seen as an installation or sculpture.

Mixed Media
An artwork that uses a variety of different media to create a unique effect, including gold and silver leafing, hand tinting, application of paper and textiles, pastels or charcoal

Modern Art
A term used for most of the artistic production from the late 19th century until approximately the 1970’s.

Multi Media
The use of several different media to make artwork (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, video).

Musical
Musical films came into their own with the invention of sound and the first ‘talkie’ The Jazz Singer with Al Johnson. Since then, thousands of musical have made from the films by Busby Berkeley to Baz Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet, the Musical.  The cinema of Bollywood and most films the Indian sub-continent are partially driven by song and dance.

Mystery
An off shoot of Crime Films, Mystery films centre on the character of a Detective or Private Investigator. Aspects such as camera angles, plot lines, all go towards creating the mystery film. Notable mystery films include the Sherlock Holmes films, The Maltese Falcon, Klute, The French Connection and Dirty Harry.

Neo-Plasticism
An off shoot of Abstract in an inflexible form, founded by Piet Mondrian (1920 – 1940) using limited colours and straight lines, creating rectangles using vertical and horizontal lines.

Oil Painting
A painting created on board, paper  or canvas using coloured pigments mixed with oil.

Op Art 
Op Art or Optical Art (1950’s - 1960’s) is a form of abstract art, using geometry, moiré patterns, visual effects and sense of depth.  Op Art uses the technique to engage the viewer in creating the presented imagery. Escher, Josef Albers and Victor Vasarely are amongst the most well known artists working with Op Art. 

Originals
A term used to describe a unique work of art signed by the artist, created as the only one of its type in existence.

Orientalism
Orientalism is not necessarily concerned with one school of art but more the fact of its political and cultural dominant force in the East, in particular the Islamic world. The artists interpreted and depicted the East according to their belief systems commenting on the exoticism and inferiority of the subjects they painted.  Eugene Delacroix’s paintings of Morocco and Algiers epitomises the representation of the East through the ruling western civilisation during the mid 18th century through to the 19th century.

Painted Edges
Where the artist paints to the edge of a canvas indicating the work is not intended to be framed, creating a three dimensional effect where the image seems to continue beyond its boundaries.

Pastels
An art medium in the form of a stick, often consisting of pure coloured pigment.

Photographic Film Negative
35mm film colour and black and white, proceeded by Digital, is now being used by specialist photographers and is gradually being phased out by major film companies like Kodak and Fuji. Film needs to be processed in a dark room, film laboratory or a film processing centre.

Pin-Hole Camera
The invention of the camera is accredited to Ibn al-Haitham, a 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist. Born in Iraq, in Basra, Ibn al-Haitham created and experimented with numerous lenses as well as mirrors. His key interests were refractions and reflections. 

Pop Art
Pop Art or Popular Art came out of advertising and originated in England in the 1950’s and made popular through out the 60’s particularly in America. Pop Art merged the difference between commercial art and fine art.  Pop Art artists include Richard Hamilton, Peter Blake, David Hockney and Andy Warhol.

Pointillism
Pointillism was originated by Georges-Pierre Seurat (French, 1859-1891), who employed a technique called pointillism based on the scientific combination of touches or dots of pure colour. Other artists associated with this brief but important art movement include Paul Signac, Henry Edmond Cross and Theodoor van Rysselberghe.

Polaroid or Instant Photos                                                                       
Invented by Edwin Herbert Land in the 1940’s, Instant Photos were a culmination of print and process, where instant photographs were readily available straight from a camera.

Portrait Photography
Portrait Photography is closely related to studio photography and emphasises the individual(s), animal or human, face. Noted Portrait Photographers include David Bailey and Lord Litchfield. 

Post-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism (1880-1900) is a generic term that encompasses a variety of artists who were influenced by Impressionism. There is less of an idyllic style and the basis is a highly charged Impressionist work. Post-impressionists include, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Henri Rousseau, Paul Cezanne and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.

Pre-Raphaelites
The Pre-Raphaelites (named after the painter, Raphael) developed a naturalist style of painting and sought perfection and romanticism in their style and in their depictions. Created by a group of artists during the mid 1800’s, the Pre-Raphaelites included Rossetti, Millais and Hunt.

Realism
During the mid 1800’s, Realism emerged to depict the subject matter in a realist manner – the artists attempted to show scenes and people as they were without following any set rules or art styles. Artists include Goya, Singleton, Camille Corot, Millet and Tanner.

Renaissance                                                                                                                                                     
During the 16th century, The Renaissance emerged in various stages over time and evolved into what is commonly known as High Renaissance. Originating from Italy in the early 16th century, the Renaissance was a time of great artistic explosion where all manors of progress and new ideas emerged. Artists from this period include, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael.

Reproductions
A facsimile of a famous or popular work of art, often created by a different artist than originally created the work.

Rococo Art
A development away from Baroque Art, Rococo was very decorative and elaborate and came to dominate the visual sensibilities in France from 1715 to 1775. Artists include Fragonard and Boucher.

Romance
Romance films are sometimes referred to as a weepy. Films dealing with Romance are also made as romantic comedies such as When Harry Met Sally. Romance films include Casablanca, Jerry McGuire, While You Were Sleeping, My Best Friends Wedding and Educating Rita.

Science Fiction
One of the finest science fiction films that has stood the test of time is Fritz Lang Metropolis made in 1927. The genre has encompassed elements of horror especially in films such as the Day of the Dead series. With films such as Solaris by Tarkovsky and 2001 Space Odyssey by Stanley Kubrick, the genre took on greater aspects of story telling by infusing serious issues discussed in the stories told. Science Fiction films have been at the forefront of advancing technology with film with special effects that has advanced from puppetry to computer generated images in films such as Star Wars, Minority Report and I, Robot.

Sculpture
A three dimensional depiction of an object or abstract structure or idea, created in a variety of media, (stone, metal, wood, fabric etc).

Seascape
An artwork that depicts the sea or nautical views as its main subject, including naval and seafaring artwork.

Short
Short films are narrative led and can range from thirty seconds in length to 30 minutes. The average short film acceptable runs to the length of 15 minutes, covering an infinite number of subject matters. Short films are often a way for film makers to go on to make feature length films and these can be seen as a forerunner to a feature film in a mainstream cinema, film festivals, airlines and television.

Spaghetti Westerns
Directed by Sergio Leone, Spaghetti Westerns were so named as they were essentially Italian productions which started with the First Full of Dollars, a trilogy starring Clint Eastwood. The films were very low budget and were filmed in Spain, using spanish actors who filled in the parts of Mexicon characters. Lee Van Cleeff and Eli Wallach played the Bad and the Ugly. The films of Sergio Leone now have cult status and are recognised as a major turning point in the Western genre. The evocative and haunting music was created by Ennio Morricone. 

Sport
Sports films generally cover all types of sport, from boxing to racing. Notable films include, Raging Bull, Chariots of Fire, La Mans, Million Dollar Baby and Ali.

Still Life
A work of art depicting a collection of inanimate natural objects, (flowers, game, sea shells etc), or man-made domestic items, (drinking glasses, foodstuffs, pipes, books etc).

Studio Films
Studio films, or the Studio System, has been part of films industries through out the world and were at their height in the 1950’s. Since then, the studios have seen major changes but remain dominant. In Hollywood, the main studios dominating the market in America and globally include Columbia, MGM, Warner Brothers, Paramount Pictures, RKO Pictures, Universal Studios and 20th Century Fox.

Surrealism
Deeply influenced by the psychoanalytical work of Freud, Surrealism (1920’s – 1950’s) used imagery from the subconscious mind. Andre Breton is credited for creating the Surrealist movement and adopted by many artists including the most famous Surrealist, Salvador Dali. Other artists include Man Ray, Joan Miro, Rene Magritte and filmmaker Louis Bunuel.

Textile Art (or Fibre Art)
The creation of textiles, or the act of creating artwork using textiles, where the artist uses various techniques to produce works of art using threads and fibres in combination with paints and dyes.

Thriller
Thrillers are highly dramatic and fast paced. With continual action, the characters are divided between the good and the bad, pitted against each other using suspence and false clues. The thriller has a number of sub-genres which include seriel killers, political thrillers, conspiracy, action, supernatural, psychological thrillers etc. Films include The Manchurian Candidate, The Day of the Jackel, Psycho, and The Da Vinci Code.

War
War films are concerned with events during or leading to a war. Classic war films include Apocalypse Now, The Dirty Dozen, The Great Escape, The Guns of Navarone, Thin Red Line and  Enemy at the Gate, to name a few.

Watercolour
A painting technique using paint made of colorants suspended or dissolved in water.

Westerns
Essentailly an American genre, the Western grew to prominance from the silent films through to the 1970’s. The style lost favour with audiances who were moving towards a more realistic cinema influnced by Eurpeon cinema. Notably Westerns include, The Magnifiant Seven (a remake of Akira Kurosawa’s The Seven Samurai), Once Upon a Time in the West, The Searchers and the notorious Heaven’s Gate made in the 1980’s by Director Michael Cimino, went over budget and almost ruined Universal Studios.

World Cinema
World Cinema is an expression used in Britain to describe non-European and American films. These include, African Cinema, Iranian Cinema and the Cinema of the Caribbean. Film directors include Ousmane Sembene from Africa, Abbas Kiarostami, the father of the Iranian New Wave and the new innovative cinema of Raoul Peck from the Caribbean.